Romania overthrows Antonescu and leaves the Axis alliance

President Franklin Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board after pressure from Treasury officials and advocates. It supported rescue and relief efforts, including diplomatic interventions, but was...

German troops occupied Hungary, whose government had previously allied with Nazi Germany while retaining some autonomy. The occupation enabled rapid anti-Jewish concentration and deportation,...

Hungarian authorities and German officials began deporting Jews from the provinces to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In less than two months, hundreds of thousands were deported; most were murdered on arrival....

German authorities began deporting the Jewish community of Rhodes; about 1,600 Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The island had come under German control after Italy’s 1943 surrender, extending...

Soviet troops entered Majdanek as German forces retreated. The camp’s surviving prisoners and physical evidence, including gas chambers and crematoria, challenged German efforts to conceal mass...

German troops invaded Slovakia after an armed revolt began against the Tiso government. Slovak resistance groups sought to overthrow the collaborationist regime, drive out German forces, and restore a...

Following Germany’s invasion, German and Slovak authorities resumed deportations of Slovak Jews. The renewed round included people who had survived earlier deportations, people in hiding, and...

The first transport of Slovak Jews from Sered’ arrived at Theresienstadt after Germany reoccupied Slovakia and suppressed the uprising. Theresienstadt served as a transit and concentration site;...

Prisoners assigned to forced corpse disposal attacked SS guards and damaged Crematorium IV using explosives smuggled by women laborers. Hundreds were killed during and after the revolt. Their...

As Soviet forces advanced, SS guards forced tens of thousands of prisoners westward in winter conditions. Many died from exposure, exhaustion, starvation, or execution. The evacuations continued...