Hitler launches the failed Beer Hall Putsch

President Friedrich Ebert signed a constitution establishing a parliamentary republic and fundamental rights, including equality before the law and freedom of religion. Jewish citizens participated in...

Adolf Hitler presented a program calling for a racially defined nation and the exclusion of Jews from citizenship. The platform made antisemitism explicit, but it was not a fixed blueprint for the...

Party delegates elected Hitler chairman after an internal power struggle. His leadership helped consolidate the movement around authoritarian nationalism, racial ideology, and antisemitism. The...

The Times published evidence that passages in the antisemitic Protocols had been plagiarized from earlier works. The text falsely claimed to document a Jewish conspiracy. Its exposure did not stop...

The League Council approved Britain’s Mandate, incorporating the Balfour Declaration and assigning Britain responsibility for facilitating a Jewish national home. The document recognized the rights of...

President Calvin Coolidge signed the Immigration Act, sharply restricting immigration through national-origins quotas. The law was part of a broader nativist system rather than a measure directed only...

The university’s opening marked a major institutional achievement in Jewish education and scholarship. It developed within British-ruled Palestine, where Zionist nation-building and Palestinian Arab...

Hitler’s book circulated racial antisemitism, conspiracy theories, and authoritarian nationalism. It was one part of a wider propaganda environment; it did not by itself determine later policy,...

The collapse of US stock prices helped usher in a severe global downturn that intensified unemployment and political instability. In Germany, the crisis later expanded support for extremist parties,...

The Nazis won about 18 percent of the vote and became the second-largest party in parliament. The result followed a campaign exploiting economic crisis and attacking democracy and Jews. It was a...