The Times exposes the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery

After the February Revolution, the Provisional Government ended many legal restrictions based on religion and nationality, including limits affecting Jews. The decree dismantled formal disabilities...

Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour wrote that Britain supported a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. The declaration was made by an imperial power without consultation with the Arab...

President Friedrich Ebert signed a constitution establishing a parliamentary republic and fundamental rights, including equality before the law and freedom of religion. Jewish citizens participated in...

Adolf Hitler presented a program calling for a racially defined nation and the exclusion of Jews from citizenship. The platform made antisemitism explicit, but it was not a fixed blueprint for the...

Party delegates elected Hitler chairman after an internal power struggle. His leadership helped consolidate the movement around authoritarian nationalism, racial ideology, and antisemitism. The...

The League Council approved Britain’s Mandate, incorporating the Balfour Declaration and assigning Britain responsibility for facilitating a Jewish national home. The document recognized the rights of...

Hitler and Nazi allies attempted to seize power in Bavaria. The coup failed and Hitler was arrested, but his trial gave him a platform among nationalist audiences. The event illustrates the movement’s...

President Calvin Coolidge signed the Immigration Act, sharply restricting immigration through national-origins quotas. The law was part of a broader nativist system rather than a measure directed only...

The university’s opening marked a major institutional achievement in Jewish education and scholarship. It developed within British-ruled Palestine, where Zionist nation-building and Palestinian Arab...

Hitler’s book circulated racial antisemitism, conspiracy theories, and authoritarian nationalism. It was one part of a wider propaganda environment; it did not by itself determine later policy,...