Court of Cassation exonerates Alfred Dreyfus

The first Zionist Congress brought delegates together to organize a political movement seeking a Jewish national home in Palestine. Zionism was one response among varied Jewish political currents to...

Jewish socialist activists founded the Bund to organize Jewish workers and oppose tsarist autocracy and antisemitism. It promoted labor organizing and Yiddish cultural life and argued for Jewish...

Zola’s open letter accused French military and state authorities of suppressing evidence in the Dreyfus case. Published in L’Aurore, it intensified public debate and made antisemitism and...

A violent pogrom began in Kishinev (now Chișinău) after antisemitic propaganda and blood-libel accusations. Jewish homes and businesses were attacked and people were killed and injured. The event...

Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto (October 17 Old Style) under pressure from a mass strike and revolutionary unrest. It promised civil liberties and an elected legislature, but state...

After the February Revolution, the Provisional Government ended many legal restrictions based on religion and nationality, including limits affecting Jews. The decree dismantled formal disabilities...

Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour wrote that Britain supported a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. The declaration was made by an imperial power without consultation with the Arab...

President Friedrich Ebert signed a constitution establishing a parliamentary republic and fundamental rights, including equality before the law and freedom of religion. Jewish citizens participated in...

Adolf Hitler presented a program calling for a racially defined nation and the exclusion of Jews from citizenship. The platform made antisemitism explicit, but it was not a fixed blueprint for the...

Party delegates elected Hitler chairman after an internal power struggle. His leadership helped consolidate the movement around authoritarian nationalism, racial ideology, and antisemitism. The...