Military court convicts Dreyfus in a closed proceeding

The December Constitution’s Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals established formal equality before the law and freedom of conscience. The law widened civic standing for Jews across the...

The law on equality of confessions removed religious affiliation as a basis for civil and civic rights across the North German Confederation. It marked a major legal step in Jewish emancipation,...

A pogrom began in Yelizavetgrad (now Kropyvnytskyi) amid rumors, economic tensions, and political upheaval after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Violence spread to other parts of the empire....

The Russian government issued temporary regulations that barred Jews from settling outside towns and boroughs in much of the Pale of Settlement and restricted property and business activity. Despite...

The French army arrested Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus on suspicion of treason. Antisemitic assumptions helped direct suspicion toward him despite weak evidence. The case became a public conflict over...

The first Zionist Congress brought delegates together to organize a political movement seeking a Jewish national home in Palestine. Zionism was one response among varied Jewish political currents to...

Jewish socialist activists founded the Bund to organize Jewish workers and oppose tsarist autocracy and antisemitism. It promoted labor organizing and Yiddish cultural life and argued for Jewish...

Zola’s open letter accused French military and state authorities of suppressing evidence in the Dreyfus case. Published in L’Aurore, it intensified public debate and made antisemitism and...

A violent pogrom began in Kishinev (now Chișinău) after antisemitic propaganda and blood-libel accusations. Jewish homes and businesses were attacked and people were killed and injured. The event...

Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto (October 17 Old Style) under pressure from a mass strike and revolutionary unrest. It promised civil liberties and an elected legislature, but state...