Deportation of Rhodes Jews begins

German authorities and police rounded up more than 1,000 Jews in Rome. Two days later, most were deported to Auschwitz. The arrests followed Germany’s occupation of central and northern Italy after...

SS and police units murdered tens of thousands of Jewish prisoners at Majdanek, Trawniki, and Poniatowa on November 3–4. The killings were organized in German-occupied Poland and targeted Jewish...

President Franklin Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board after pressure from Treasury officials and advocates. It supported rescue and relief efforts, including diplomatic interventions, but was...

German troops occupied Hungary, whose government had previously allied with Nazi Germany while retaining some autonomy. The occupation enabled rapid anti-Jewish concentration and deportation,...

Hungarian authorities and German officials began deporting Jews from the provinces to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In less than two months, hundreds of thousands were deported; most were murdered on arrival....

Soviet troops entered Majdanek as German forces retreated. The camp’s surviving prisoners and physical evidence, including gas chambers and crematoria, challenged German efforts to conceal mass...

A coup led by King Michael removed Marshal Ion Antonescu, and Romania switched sides. Romanian forces then fought alongside the Soviet Union. The change followed Romanian state mass murder and...

German troops invaded Slovakia after an armed revolt began against the Tiso government. Slovak resistance groups sought to overthrow the collaborationist regime, drive out German forces, and restore a...

Following Germany’s invasion, German and Slovak authorities resumed deportations of Slovak Jews. The renewed round included people who had survived earlier deportations, people in hiding, and...

The first transport of Slovak Jews from Sered’ arrived at Theresienstadt after Germany reoccupied Slovakia and suppressed the uprising. Theresienstadt served as a transit and concentration site;...