US War Refugee Board is established

German authorities began the final wave of deportations from the Vilna ghetto. Thousands were sent to killing centers, concentration or forced-labor camps, including Sobibor and camps in Estonia and...

Danish citizens, fishers, officials, and resistance networks helped most of Denmark’s Jewish population escape by sea to neutral Sweden after German plans to arrest them became known. The rescue...

Jewish prisoners killed SS personnel, set the camp on fire, and attempted a mass escape. Roughly 300 broke out; about 58 survived the war. The revolt undermines accounts that portray victims as...

German authorities and police rounded up more than 1,000 Jews in Rome. Two days later, most were deported to Auschwitz. The arrests followed Germany’s occupation of central and northern Italy after...

SS and police units murdered tens of thousands of Jewish prisoners at Majdanek, Trawniki, and Poniatowa on November 3–4. The killings were organized in German-occupied Poland and targeted Jewish...

German troops occupied Hungary, whose government had previously allied with Nazi Germany while retaining some autonomy. The occupation enabled rapid anti-Jewish concentration and deportation,...

Hungarian authorities and German officials began deporting Jews from the provinces to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In less than two months, hundreds of thousands were deported; most were murdered on arrival....

German authorities began deporting the Jewish community of Rhodes; about 1,600 Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The island had come under German control after Italy’s 1943 surrender, extending...

Soviet troops entered Majdanek as German forces retreated. The camp’s surviving prisoners and physical evidence, including gas chambers and crematoria, challenged German efforts to conceal mass...

A coup led by King Michael removed Marshal Ion Antonescu, and Romania switched sides. Romanian forces then fought alongside the Soviet Union. The change followed Romanian state mass murder and...