British White Paper restricts Jewish immigration to Palestine

The Nazi government barred Jewish children from public schools, completing an accelerating process of isolation. Families faced decisions about emigration and children’s safety while other governments...

The first group of children evacuated from Nazi-controlled territory arrived in Britain, beginning a rescue effort that brought nearly 10,000 mostly Jewish children to safety before the war. The...

In a Reichstag speech, Hitler threatened the “annihilation” of Jews in Europe if war came, using antisemitic conspiracy claims to frame Jews as a collective enemy. The speech is evidence of...

German troops occupied the Czech lands and established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Jewish residents came under Nazi rule; expansion of the Reich exposed more communities to discriminatory...

The German liner St. Louis left Hamburg carrying more than 900 mostly Jewish refugees seeking safety in Cuba. Cuban authorities denied entry to most passengers; the voyage exposed how immigration...

Cuban authorities denied landing to most passengers aboard the St. Louis, despite many holding documents they believed would admit them. After the ship was turned away from the United States, Britain,...

Nazi Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe. German occupation brought mass violence, forced labor, expulsion, and racial reordering; the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland on...

Reinhard Heydrich instructed security-police leaders to concentrate Jews in larger towns near rail lines and establish Jewish councils to implement German orders. These measures created conditions for...

Governor General Hans Frank ordered Jews aged ten and older in the General Government to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David. Forced identification marked people for segregation,...

The French-German armistice divided metropolitan France and left the Vichy government in control of colonial Algeria and the protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia. Nazi domination thus worked through...