Mass shootings at Babyn Yar begin

Romanian officials and military units, sometimes assisted by German soldiers, carried out a pogrom in Iași as Romania joined Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union. At least 8,000 Jews were...

Romanian authorities forced survivors of the Iași pogrom onto death trains. Two trains departed on June 30 for Călărași and Podu Iloaiei; thousands died from thirst, heat, suffocation, and abuse...

Hermann Göring authorized Reinhard Heydrich to prepare a plan for a “total solution” to the so-called Jewish question in German-controlled Europe. The document records bureaucratic coordination at a...

A police decree required Jews over age six in the Reich to wear a yellow Star of David in public. Forced marking extended social isolation and facilitated police control and deportation; comparable...

German occupation authorities established two ghettos in Vilna (Vilnius). Lithuanian auxiliaries took part in persecution and mass shootings, while Jewish residents faced confinement, forced labor,...

Romanian and German forces occupied Odesa, a major Black Sea port with a large, multiethnic Jewish community. Romanian occupation quickly brought anti-Jewish policies, forced labor, deportations,...

After a bomb killed Romanian officials at the Odesa command headquarters, Romanian authorities began a reprisal massacre of Jews. Over several days, tens of thousands were shot, hanged, or burned....

German occupation officials selected more than 9,200 Jewish residents at Demokratų Square during the so-called Great Action. Those selected included many children, older people, and people...

German SS and police units and Lithuanian police auxiliaries murdered approximately 9,200 people from the Kovno ghetto at Fort IX. The previous day, German officials had selected the victims. The...

German authorities began mass murder at Chełmno, where victims were killed in gas vans and buried or burned in nearby forests. It was the first stationary killing center used by Nazi Germany for the...