Armistice creates Vichy rule over French North Africa

Britain’s White Paper capped Jewish immigration at 75,000 over five years and proposed ending it thereafter without Arab consent. It constrained refuge as Nazi persecution escalated, within a colonial...

Cuban authorities denied landing to most passengers aboard the St. Louis, despite many holding documents they believed would admit them. After the ship was turned away from the United States, Britain,...

Nazi Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe. German occupation brought mass violence, forced labor, expulsion, and racial reordering; the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland on...

Reinhard Heydrich instructed security-police leaders to concentrate Jews in larger towns near rail lines and establish Jewish councils to implement German orders. These measures created conditions for...

Governor General Hans Frank ordered Jews aged ten and older in the General Government to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David. Forced identification marked people for segregation,...

The Vichy government promulgated a law defining Jews and excluding them from public service and several professions, without being directly ordered by Germany. Vichy officials used state...

Vichy annulled the 1870 Crémieux Decree, stripping most Algerian Jews of French citizenship and returning them to a subordinate legal status. This decision operated within French settler colonial rule...

German occupation authorities sealed the Warsaw ghetto, confining hundreds of thousands of Jews in a small area behind walls and fences. Starvation, disease, forced labor, and overcrowding were policy...

After German authorities arrested Jewish men in Amsterdam, Dutch workers launched a strike that spread to other cities. It was a rare public protest against anti-Jewish persecution under occupation;...

Following the Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Ustaša authorities proclaimed the German- and Italian-sponsored NDH. Its regime enacted racial laws and organized persecution and mass...