Cuba refuses entry to most St. Louis passengers

The first group of children evacuated from Nazi-controlled territory arrived in Britain, beginning a rescue effort that brought nearly 10,000 mostly Jewish children to safety before the war. The...

In a Reichstag speech, Hitler threatened the “annihilation” of Jews in Europe if war came, using antisemitic conspiracy claims to frame Jews as a collective enemy. The speech is evidence of...

German troops occupied the Czech lands and established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Jewish residents came under Nazi rule; expansion of the Reich exposed more communities to discriminatory...

The German liner St. Louis left Hamburg carrying more than 900 mostly Jewish refugees seeking safety in Cuba. Cuban authorities denied entry to most passengers; the voyage exposed how immigration...

Britain’s White Paper capped Jewish immigration at 75,000 over five years and proposed ending it thereafter without Arab consent. It constrained refuge as Nazi persecution escalated, within a colonial...

Nazi Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe. German occupation brought mass violence, forced labor, expulsion, and racial reordering; the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland on...

Reinhard Heydrich instructed security-police leaders to concentrate Jews in larger towns near rail lines and establish Jewish councils to implement German orders. These measures created conditions for...

Governor General Hans Frank ordered Jews aged ten and older in the General Government to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David. Forced identification marked people for segregation,...

The French-German armistice divided metropolitan France and left the Vichy government in control of colonial Algeria and the protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia. Nazi domination thus worked through...

The Vichy government promulgated a law defining Jews and excluding them from public service and several professions, without being directly ordered by Germany. Vichy officials used state...