Tobacco boycott is lifted after cancellation

A new concession authorized a British-backed Imperial Bank of Persia, which received note-issuing privileges and became a major foreign financial institution in Iran. The deal illustrates how...

Merchants in Shiraz organized against the monopoly, connecting local commercial grievances to wider criticism of foreign concessions. Authorities exiled the cleric Sayyid Ali Akbar Fal-Asiri in May;...

After criticizing the tobacco monopoly, cleric Fal-Asiri was exiled by provincial authorities. Thousands gathered at the Shah Cheragh shrine in response. The episode shows how local religious...

A fatwa attributed to Mirza Hasan Shirazi circulated in Iran, forbidding tobacco consumption while the concession remained in force. The boycott linked religious authority with merchants, consumers,...

The government formally cancelled the tobacco concession after months of protest and boycott. The success of the campaign demonstrated the political force of coordinated action across bazaars,...

Mozaffar al-Din Shah’s government granted British subject William Knox D’Arcy a 60-year oil concession covering most of Iran except five northern provinces. It gave a private concessionaire broad...

After protest, strikes, merchant and clerical mobilization, and a royal sanctuary movement, Mozaffar al-Din Shah decreed an elected National Consultative Assembly. Fundamental Laws followed in...

The convention mapped a Russian sphere in the north, a British sphere in the southeast, and a neutral area. Iran was not a party. It did not formally abolish sovereignty, but treated Iranian territory...

The D’Arcy enterprise struck a substantial reservoir near Masjed Soleyman in Khuzestan after years of drilling. The discovery accelerated foreign investment and British strategic interest in Iranian...

Forces of Mohammad Ali Shah, including the Persian Cossack Brigade under Russian officer Vladimir Liakhov, shelled parliament in Tehran and suppressed constitutional institutions. The attack began the...