Najibullah agrees to leave office

Mohammad Najibullah became general secretary of the PDPA and began promoting a policy of national reconciliation as Soviet leaders sought an exit. Afghan political factions remained divided and...

On 19 December Soviet officials publicly reported Afghan resistance use of U.S.-made Stinger missiles, whose first use they dated to November. The CIA later acknowledged supplying the weapons, which...

Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Soviet Union and the United States signed agreements in Geneva. They established a framework for Soviet withdrawal and non-interference, but the Afghan mujahideen and...

The final Soviet troops crossed out of Afghanistan under the Geneva timetable. The withdrawal ended the direct Soviet military occupation, but did not end the Afghan war: the Kabul government,...

By December 1990 UNHCR estimated more than 6.3 million Afghan refugees in neighboring states: about 3.3 million in Pakistan and 3 million in Iran. The figure shows how war and foreign intervention...

Mujahideen factions entered Kabul after the Najibullah government fell. Rival armed groups soon fought over the state and the capital. The label “mujahideen” covered diverse organizations; their...

Fighting broke out between Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s forces and President Rabbani’s allies. Rival former anti-Soviet factions caused civilian deaths, displacement and destruction after the 1992 government...

The Taliban seized Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Their rule brought severe restrictions, especially on women and girls, and armed conflict continued with opponents in the...

After capturing Mazar-i-Sharif, Taliban forces carried out indiscriminate shootings, executions, mass detention, abductions and rape, HRW reported. Death estimates vary; Hazara residents and other...

The United States launched cruise-missile strikes on alleged al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan after the embassy bombings in East Africa. The strikes occurred without Afghan consent and did not...