Hàm Nghi issues the Cần Vương appeal against French rule

French and Spanish forces attacked Da Nang (Tourane), beginning the French conquest of Vietnam. The invasion was driven by imperial expansion and claims of protecting Catholic missions; Vietnamese...

After military defeats, the Nguyễn court signed a treaty ceding three southern provinces and Saigon to France and opening ports to French trade. It formalized a major loss of Vietnamese sovereignty.

The Harmand Treaty placed the Nguyễn court under French control. The court later signed a revised protectorate treaty in 1884. French rule expanded through coercion while Vietnamese anti-colonial...

Following the Cần Vương appeal, Trần Văn Dư issued a proclamation in Quảng Nam urging local residents to resist French power. Nguyễn Duy Hiệu later led the organization. Local networks and...

France established the Indochinese Union, combining Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin and Cambodia; Laos joined in 1893. The colonial federation organized territory and labor for imperial rule, despite...

The movement sent Vietnamese students to Japan to study and build capacity for national liberation. Its organizers sought overseas education and political alliances, not just schooling....

The school promoted modern education, chữ quốc ngữ, and civic reform within an anti-colonial intellectual movement. French authorities closed it later that year. Its educators pursued cultural renewal...

Protests that began in Quảng Nam spread across parts of central Vietnam. Petitioners objected to taxes and forced labor, connecting daily economic burdens to colonial rule and local abuses....