Treaty of Huế imposes French protectorate

French and Spanish forces attacked Da Nang (Tourane), beginning the French conquest of Vietnam. The invasion was driven by imperial expansion and claims of protecting Catholic missions; Vietnamese...

After military defeats, the Nguyễn court signed a treaty ceding three southern provinces and Saigon to France and opening ports to French trade. It formalized a major loss of Vietnamese sovereignty.

After French forces attacked the Huế court, Hàm Nghi and regent Tôn Thất Thuyết left the capital and issued an appeal calling officials and people to support the monarch and resist French conquest....

Following the Cần Vương appeal, Trần Văn Dư issued a proclamation in Quảng Nam urging local residents to resist French power. Nguyễn Duy Hiệu later led the organization. Local networks and...

France established the Indochinese Union, combining Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin and Cambodia; Laos joined in 1893. The colonial federation organized territory and labor for imperial rule, despite...

The movement sent Vietnamese students to Japan to study and build capacity for national liberation. Its organizers sought overseas education and political alliances, not just schooling....

The school promoted modern education, chữ quốc ngữ, and civic reform within an anti-colonial intellectual movement. French authorities closed it later that year. Its educators pursued cultural renewal...