Luxemburg is imprisoned for anti-war organizing

The manuscript later known as the Junius Pamphlet analyzes the war as a crisis of international social democracy. It condemns the collapse of workers’ internationalism but has itself been criticized...

The network adopts the Spartacus name and circulates political letters against the war. The group remains a small minority in a society where military command, censorship and nationalist...

The preface explains the purpose of the pamphlet and its criticism of social democracy’s support for the war. It frames the catastrophe as political and international, not simply a military conflict...

Printed in Switzerland as The Crisis of Social Democracy, the work circulates despite wartime censorship. The pseudonym “Junius” protects its author while placing the pamphlet in an international...

Lenin welcomes the pamphlet’s anti-war force but criticizes its analysis of national liberation and some political conclusions. The exchange demonstrates that opposition to imperialist war did not...

From prison, Luxemburg welcomes the Russian Revolution and analyzes its international consequences. She views the overthrow of the tsar as a world-historical opening while fearing isolation if...

Luxemburg supports the revolution’s challenge to war and landlord power, while warning that restrictions on political freedoms threaten socialist self-government. Her criticism is later published...

Her manuscript praises the Bolsheviks’ break with imperial war and landlordism but criticizes the suppression of political pluralism and the restriction of democratic life. The argument insists that...

Her analysis of the Russian Revolution supports the overthrow of landlordism and the end of the war while warning that suppressing political freedoms can undermine socialist democracy. Because the...

The German Revolution ends her detention and brings workers’ and soldiers’ councils into public political life. Luxemburg returns to Berlin and commits herself to a socialist transformation led by...