The Soviet Union invades Finland, beginning the Winter War

Nikolai Bukharin and other defendants were convicted after a public trial marked by coerced confessions and sweeping conspiracy claims. The purges devastated the party, state institutions, military...

A joint decree ended the main mass operations and condemned “excesses,” while leaving the repressive system intact. Stalin’s government blamed abuses on subordinates even though the campaigns had been...

Stalin’s report at the congress celebrated the Soviet Union’s industrial and military development while presenting international rivalry as a long-term threat. The gathering followed the peak of the...

The public non-aggression treaty included secret protocols dividing spheres of influence in Eastern Europe. It gave both governments room to pursue expansion and exposed smaller states to decisions...

After Germany invaded Poland, Soviet forces crossed the eastern border under the pact’s secret arrangements. Polish territory was divided between two occupying powers; residents faced arrests,...

The Soviet Politburo approved a proposal to execute thousands of Polish officers and prisoners held by the NKVD. The killings at Katyn and other sites were part of a broader effort to eliminate Polish...

The treaty ended the Winter War and transferred Finnish territory, including the Karelian Isthmus, to the Soviet Union. Soviet security demands gained territory but at high military and diplomatic...

Moscow demanded a new government and the entry of additional Soviet troops into Lithuania. Soviet pressure was followed by occupation and annexation, extinguishing Lithuanian independence. The episode...

Elections held under occupation offered voters a single approved list and were followed by petitions for incorporation into the Soviet Union. These procedures supplied a veneer of popular consent...

The USSR’s Supreme Soviet accepted Lithuania as a union republic after occupation and controlled elections. Soviet rule brought land nationalization, arrests, deportations, and the dismantling of...