Trotsky launches a Russian-language socialist newspaper in Vienna

At the trial of the Petersburg Soviet, Trotsky used the dock to defend the council’s political legitimacy and the right to resist autocracy. The court sentenced him to internal exile and deprivation...

The essay systematized his interpretation of the 1905 Revolution and the idea that democratic tasks in a dependent, unevenly developed society could pass into socialist measures under working-class...

After a 1906 court sentenced him to internal exile, Trotsky escaped en route to the far north and returned to political work abroad. This repeated cycle of arrest and flight reflected both the...

The congress brought Bolshevik, Menshevik, and national-socialist delegates together amid disputes over party unity, armed struggle, and the empire’s nationalities. Trotsky advocated reunification,...

In essays later collected with his account of 1905, Trotsky interpreted the workers’ council as an institution that could unite strike coordination and political authority. This was his...

At the Vienna meeting of Russian social democrats, Trotsky worked to reunify a party fractured by factional conflict. The effort exposed the limits of organizational unity when leaders disagreed...

His Balkan correspondence covered wars among states emerging from Ottoman rule and the region’s competing national projects. Read decolonially, the dispatches show both his attention to imperial...

Trotsky argued that Balkan workers should oppose chauvinist state competition and seek a voluntary federation. The proposal challenged imperial and nationalist domination, but its internationalist...

As European socialist parties backed their governments, Trotsky opposed the war and analyzed it as a struggle among imperial powers. His internationalist position connected European war to colonial...

Written at the outbreak of world war, the pamphlet argued that the conflict arose from imperialist rivalry and rejected national defense as a justification for socialist support of belligerent states....