Trotsky escapes a second Siberian exile

After the arrest of Georgy Khrustalyov-Nosar, the workers’ council elected Trotsky to chair its executive. The Soviet coordinated strikes and issued political appeals; its authority came from...

Trotsky and other Soviet members were arrested as the government crushed the council and the strike movement. The episode became central to Trotsky’s later account of the Soviet as a form of...

In writings developed after 1905, Trotsky argued that in a country with a weak liberal bourgeoisie, workers might lead a democratic revolution and move toward socialist measures, while the outcome...

At the trial of the Petersburg Soviet, Trotsky used the dock to defend the council’s political legitimacy and the right to resist autocracy. The court sentenced him to internal exile and deprivation...

The essay systematized his interpretation of the 1905 Revolution and the idea that democratic tasks in a dependent, unevenly developed society could pass into socialist measures under working-class...

The congress brought Bolshevik, Menshevik, and national-socialist delegates together amid disputes over party unity, armed struggle, and the empire’s nationalities. Trotsky advocated reunification,...

In essays later collected with his account of 1905, Trotsky interpreted the workers’ council as an institution that could unite strike coordination and political authority. This was his...

Trotsky began publishing Pravda, seeking a mass readership among workers inside the Russian Empire. The paper’s title was later reused by Lenin’s separate Bolshevik newspaper; they were not the same...

At the Vienna meeting of Russian social democrats, Trotsky worked to reunify a party fractured by factional conflict. The effort exposed the limits of organizational unity when leaders disagreed...

His Balkan correspondence covered wars among states emerging from Ottoman rule and the region’s competing national projects. Read decolonially, the dispatches show both his attention to imperial...