Trotsky publishes Our Political Tasks

Trotsky helped organize workers and students in an underground socialist circle that became the South Russian Workers’ Union. Its leaflets and organizing connected factory grievances to opposition...

Police repression dismantled the union and jailed its organizers. Trotsky was held in Odessa and Moscow prisons, where revolutionary networks and political reading deepened his commitment. The...

After prison and trial, Trotsky was exiled to eastern Siberia. The punishment was part of the empire’s effort to isolate political dissidents, but exile also connected activists across distant regions...

Trotsky escaped Siberia using forged papers and joined the émigré socialist press in Europe. He adopted the name “Trotsky,” borrowed from a prison guard. His escape joined local resistance to...

At the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, disputes over membership, leadership, and editorial control produced the Bolshevik–Menshevik division. Trotsky opposed Lenin’s...

The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War and the January 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre helped unleash strikes, mutinies, and peasant unrest. Trotsky returned clandestinely and entered the...

After the arrest of Georgy Khrustalyov-Nosar, the workers’ council elected Trotsky to chair its executive. The Soviet coordinated strikes and issued political appeals; its authority came from...

Trotsky and other Soviet members were arrested as the government crushed the council and the strike movement. The episode became central to Trotsky’s later account of the Soviet as a form of...

In writings developed after 1905, Trotsky argued that in a country with a weak liberal bourgeoisie, workers might lead a democratic revolution and move toward socialist measures, while the outcome...

At the trial of the Petersburg Soviet, Trotsky used the dock to defend the council’s political legitimacy and the right to resist autocracy. The court sentenced him to internal exile and deprivation...