Lenin studies Hegel and records the Philosophical Notebooks

As the war expanded, Lenin condemned the major socialist parties that supported their governments’ war efforts. His call to turn the imperialist war into a struggle against ruling classes was...

Lenin argued that genuine Russian working-class pride required rejecting the oppression of other peoples. The essay is an explicit critique of chauvinism from within the dominant nation, and it can be...

Lenin examined the collapse of international socialist solidarity after leading parties backed their states in World War I. His response pressed for a new international, while other anti-war...

The essay condemned socialist leaders who supported wartime governments and argued that imperialist rivalry had exposed their reformism. It connects anti-war politics with Lenin’s analysis of...

Lenin argued that a federated Europe under capitalism could not remove imperialist rivalry and might reinforce it. His analysis linked regional integration to colonial power and class relations, a...

Socialists from neutral and belligerent countries met to oppose the war. Lenin’s more radical position was a minority within the conference, showing that anti-war internationalism contained...

Lenin drafted Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, analyzing monopoly, finance capital, and colonial rivalry. The work connected European class politics to imperial extraction, though its...

In essays on the national question, Lenin defended the right of nations to secede while arguing for working-class internationalism. This framework challenged Great Russian chauvinism in principle;...

In his 1916 essays, Lenin argued that socialists in oppressor nations had a duty to defend the right of oppressed nations to secede. This principled distinction challenged empire but remained tied...

In letters written before returning to Russia, Lenin argued that soviets and the Provisional Government represented competing centers of authority. His analysis helped frame Bolshevik debate, but...