Engels speaks at Marx’s graveside

In a letter to Vera Zasulich, Marx considered whether the Russian village commune might become a starting point for social transformation without repeating every Western European stage. The draft...

Seeking a warmer climate because of illness, Marx spent the final months of his life in French-ruled Algeria. His surviving letters describe colonial violence and local social relations, but offer...

Marx left Algiers after roughly ten weeks. The surviving notes and letters provide fragments on land, family, and colonial power; they should be read alongside Algerian histories and testimony, not...

Engels cautioned against a purely sentimental reading of Egypt’s national movement, while recognizing the strategic role of imperial power. The letter displays both an emerging anti-imperialist...

Marx died after decades of research, political writing, and exile. His influence was still limited compared with its later global reach; Engels became the principal editor and interpreter of his...

Using notes Marx had made on Lewis Morgan, Engels linked family forms, property, and state development. The book influenced socialist and feminist debates, but its evolutionary anthropology reflects...

Engels assembled and edited Marx’s unfinished manuscripts on the circulation of capital. The volume’s organization was an act of scholarship as well as collaboration, and later researchers continue to...

In an article for Die Neue Zeit, Engels reconstructed the League’s origins and the revolutionary era of 1848. His account became influential in later histories, while its retrospective perspective and...

In a preface for an English edition of his earlier Manchester study, Engels revisited industrial change and the political movement of workers. The appendix reflected four decades of transformation and...

Engels revisited the intellectual origins of their materialist approach and clarified his own account of philosophy and history. The essay helped define how later generations understood Marx and...