Marx drafts an International circular on Ireland

Capital analyzed how commodity production, wage labor, and surplus value organize capitalist accumulation. The book drew on global trade and colonial dispossession, though its treatment of colonialism...

In correspondence with physician and socialist Ludwig Kugelmann, Marx discussed political organization and the lessons of the Commune of 1848 in France. Letters reveal his thinking in motion and...

The Eisenach congress founded an organized socialist party with strong links to Marx and Engels, while reflecting the work of Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, and German workers. Its program combined...

After retiring from the Manchester firm, Engels moved to London and worked closely with Marx and the International. He continued writing, organizing, and providing financial support, while pursuing...

Marx told Engels that the English working class could not emancipate itself while supporting Ireland’s subordination. This marked a strategic shift from expecting English workers to lead change first,...

Marx argued that English workers’ emancipation required opposing Ireland’s subordination, revising his earlier expectation that English workers would lead change on their own. The analysis connected...

The International’s General Council warned workers against identifying with either ruling class and called for solidarity across borders. The statement opposed chauvinism and anticipated the war’s...

Parisian workers and citizens established a revolutionary municipal government after France’s defeat by Prussia. Marx followed events closely; the Commune became a contested experiment in popular...

Written for the International, the address defended the Commune and examined its institutions, including elected and recallable representatives. Marx’s account made the Commune a major reference point...

Delegates addressed political action, organization, and the effects of the Paris Commune. Marx played a major role in the proceedings, but the conference also exposed tensions between central...