Marx writes his Critique of the Gotha Programme

Written for the International, the address defended the Commune and examined its institutions, including elected and recallable representatives. Marx’s account made the Commune a major reference point...

Delegates addressed political action, organization, and the effects of the Paris Commune. Marx played a major role in the proceedings, but the conference also exposed tensions between central...

The French translation appeared in parts between 1872 and 1875, with Marx revising sections during publication. The process shows the work’s transnational circulation and Marx’s active attention to...

Delegates debated political action, organization, and the conflict between Marx’s current and anarchist currents associated with Bakunin. The congress relocated the General Council to New York; the...

For the second German edition, Marx revised the text and added material, responding to criticism and further research. The changes demonstrate that Capital was an evolving project rather than a...

The Eisenachers and Lassalleans formed a united workers’ party. Marx criticized the draft program for theoretical concessions and vague language, but the congress reflected a strategic choice by...

Engels’s serialized critique defended socialist analysis against Eugen Dühring and ranged across philosophy, science, and political economy. It was an independent, extensive work that helped shape...

Engels’s extensive polemic defended a scientific socialist analysis of philosophy, nature, and political economy. It was a major independent work, later excerpted as Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,...

The law banned socialist organizations, meetings, and publications while leaving social-democratic election campaigns possible. Marx and Engels supported clandestine and international networks as...

Their circular letter challenged intellectuals and party figures they believed were diluting socialist politics. The intervention illuminates real organizational conflict, but also their own...