The Hague Congress debates the future of the First International

The International’s General Council warned workers against identifying with either ruling class and called for solidarity across borders. The statement opposed chauvinism and anticipated the war’s...

Parisian workers and citizens established a revolutionary municipal government after France’s defeat by Prussia. Marx followed events closely; the Commune became a contested experiment in popular...

Written for the International, the address defended the Commune and examined its institutions, including elected and recallable representatives. Marx’s account made the Commune a major reference point...

Delegates addressed political action, organization, and the effects of the Paris Commune. Marx played a major role in the proceedings, but the conference also exposed tensions between central...

The French translation appeared in parts between 1872 and 1875, with Marx revising sections during publication. The process shows the work’s transnational circulation and Marx’s active attention to...

For the second German edition, Marx revised the text and added material, responding to criticism and further research. The changes demonstrate that Capital was an evolving project rather than a...

Marx criticized the draft unity program of German socialist parties, challenging vague promises and the idea of fair distribution detached from production relations. The text was withheld from...

The Eisenachers and Lassalleans formed a united workers’ party. Marx criticized the draft program for theoretical concessions and vague language, but the congress reflected a strategic choice by...

Engels’s serialized critique defended socialist analysis against Eugen Dühring and ranged across philosophy, science, and political economy. It was an independent, extensive work that helped shape...

Engels’s extensive polemic defended a scientific socialist analysis of philosophy, nature, and political economy. It was a major independent work, later excerpted as Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,...