The Paris Commune begins

After retiring from the Manchester firm, Engels moved to London and worked closely with Marx and the International. He continued writing, organizing, and providing financial support, while pursuing...

Marx told Engels that the English working class could not emancipate itself while supporting Ireland’s subordination. This marked a strategic shift from expecting English workers to lead change first,...

The General Council circulated Marx’s analysis of Ireland’s national struggle and the English working class. The intervention placed anti-colonial solidarity within a class strategy, while debate...

Marx argued that English workers’ emancipation required opposing Ireland’s subordination, revising his earlier expectation that English workers would lead change on their own. The analysis connected...

The International’s General Council warned workers against identifying with either ruling class and called for solidarity across borders. The statement opposed chauvinism and anticipated the war’s...

Written for the International, the address defended the Commune and examined its institutions, including elected and recallable representatives. Marx’s account made the Commune a major reference point...

Delegates addressed political action, organization, and the effects of the Paris Commune. Marx played a major role in the proceedings, but the conference also exposed tensions between central...

The French translation appeared in parts between 1872 and 1875, with Marx revising sections during publication. The process shows the work’s transnational circulation and Marx’s active attention to...

Delegates debated political action, organization, and the conflict between Marx’s current and anarchist currents associated with Bakunin. The congress relocated the General Council to New York; the...

For the second German edition, Marx revised the text and added material, responding to criticism and further research. The changes demonstrate that Capital was an evolving project rather than a...