The first volume of Capital is published

Mary Burns, Engels’s long-time partner and a working-class Irish woman, died suddenly. She had introduced Engels to working-class neighborhoods and lives in Manchester, but her own history is sparsely...

Workers and trade-unionists from several countries founded the First International at St Martin’s Hall. Marx drafted its inaugural address and rules, but the association’s political force came from...

The General Council backed Polish national independence, linking resistance to imperial domination with international worker solidarity. Marx helped draft the resolution, but the debate also reflected...

Marx argued to workers that wages and profits arose from antagonistic social relations, challenging the view that higher wages alone could end exploitation. The lecture was published only after his...

Delegates debated trade unions, working hours, education, and political organization. Marx prepared instructions for the congress, but the policy agenda emerged from national labor movements and...

In correspondence with physician and socialist Ludwig Kugelmann, Marx discussed political organization and the lessons of the Commune of 1848 in France. Letters reveal his thinking in motion and...

The Eisenach congress founded an organized socialist party with strong links to Marx and Engels, while reflecting the work of Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, and German workers. Its program combined...

After retiring from the Manchester firm, Engels moved to London and worked closely with Marx and the International. He continued writing, organizing, and providing financial support, while pursuing...

Marx told Engels that the English working class could not emancipate itself while supporting Ireland’s subordination. This marked a strategic shift from expecting English workers to lead change first,...

The General Council circulated Marx’s analysis of Ireland’s national struggle and the English working class. The intervention placed anti-colonial solidarity within a class strategy, while debate...