Moldova declares sovereignty

East German authorities opened crossings after mass protests and a confused public announcement. Soviet leaders did not intervene militarily; East Germans and neighboring societies drove the changes...

The Congress declared the secret protocol legally groundless and invalid from the moment it was signed. The decision acknowledged a Soviet role in the partition of Eastern Europe and supported...

The Lithuanian Supreme Council declared the restoration of the independent state. The act followed mass mobilization and elections and challenged the Soviet Union’s claim over a republic...

Latvia’s Supreme Council declared restoration while allowing a transition period. The decision asserted that Soviet annexation had not extinguished Latvian statehood and advanced a legal claim...

The Russian republic asserted the priority of its laws and sovereignty within a proposed renewed Union. Since Russia was the largest republic and housed the Union capital, the declaration weakened the...

The declaration established the priority of Ukrainian law and claimed control over resources, citizenship, and future military service. It asserted sovereignty while initially leaving open a...

Students occupied Kyiv’s central square and launched a hunger strike demanding political changes, including new elections and rejection of a renewed Union treaty. The protest won concessions and...

Opposition parties competed openly in elections that marked a break with one-party rule. The vote brought the Round Table-Free Georgia coalition to power and set the stage for the 1991 independence...

Soviet forces seized the television tower; civilians defending Lithuania’s elected institutions were killed. The assault failed to reverse Lithuania’s independence and drew mass resistance and...

Latvians maintained barricades around key institutions after the Vilnius killings. Soviet special forces attacked in Riga, killing civilians and accelerating opposition to Union coercion.