Shipyard workers begin a strike that becomes a national movement

Soviet forces began a large-scale deployment into Afghanistan in late December. Moscow described the move as assistance requested by Kabul; it escalated an Afghan conflict into a foreign...

Soviet forces assaulted government sites in Kabul, killed Hafizullah Amin, and installed Babrak Karmal. The intervention intensified resistance and displacement; Afghans were political actors, not a...

Emergency Special Session Resolution ES-6/2 deplored the armed intervention and demanded the immediate, unconditional, and total withdrawal of foreign troops. The vote made Afghan sovereignty a...

President Carter publicly called for the Games to be moved or boycotted unless Soviet forces left Afghanistan. The decision linked sport to the intervention and placed athletes in the middle of a...

The Games opened with many countries absent or represented under alternative flags after the Afghanistan invasion. Soviet organizers staged a global spectacle, while the boycott highlighted the...

The agreement accepted independent self-governing trade unions and a right to strike, alongside other demands. Polish workers shaped the settlement through collective action; Moscow’s regional power...

Delegates from workplace committees agreed to form the national union Solidarność. It became a mass organization rooted in Polish workers and civil society, challenging one-party rule without being...

A Polish court registered the independent union after a legal dispute over its statute. The decision marked an unprecedented opening in the Eastern Bloc and reflected pressure generated by organized...

The congress endorsed continuity under Brezhnev and a new five-year plan, even as economic stagnation and pressures across the socialist bloc deepened. Official unity masked differences among...

General Wojciech Jaruzelski’s government suspended civil liberties, arrested Solidarity leaders, and restricted communications. The crackdown was carried out by Polish authorities under intense Soviet...