Somali army withdrawal marks Ethiopia’s recovery of the Ogaden

The physicist and Moscow Helsinki Group founder was detained after documenting rights violations. His prosecution demonstrated the state’s response to peaceful monitoring and drew international...

Somalia invaded Ethiopia’s Ogaden region, whose Somali communities had long faced competing claims and state borders. Moscow shifted support from Somalia to Ethiopia; the conflict’s regional actors...

The 1977 Constitution described the USSR as a voluntary union of equal republics and formally retained a right of secession. In practice, the Communist Party’s leading role and centralized...

Somalia expelled Soviet military advisers and abrogated its friendship treaty after Moscow backed Ethiopia in the Ogaden War. The turn exposed the strategic and contingent nature of Soviet...

Czechoslovak cosmonaut Vladimír Remek flew with Soviet commander Aleksei Gubarev. The program presented socialist cooperation as internationalist, while its launch infrastructure and strategic...

Afghan military officers and the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan seized power and killed President Mohammed Daoud Khan. The new government pursued a radical program that encountered...

The treaty formalized close relations after Vietnam’s reunification and its conflict with Cambodia and China. Vietnam pursued its own security and regional aims; the agreement also expanded Soviet...

The treaty deepened bilateral cooperation under President Taraki. It preceded the Soviet military intervention by a year and should not be confused with an open-ended authorization for the 1979...

The Shah’s departure followed a mass revolutionary movement against monarchy and foreign influence. Moscow watched a regional upheaval shaped by Iranian actors, whose diverse political visions...

Chinese forces crossed into Vietnam after months of worsening relations. The USSR condemned the attack and supported Vietnam under their 1978 treaty, while Vietnamese communities faced a devastating...