Apollo-Soyuz crews dock in the first joint U.S.-Soviet space mission

The leaders agreed on broad limits for strategic offensive weapons as a basis for further negotiations. The framework advanced détente but remained a bargain between nuclear powers whose decisions...

Portugal and the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA agreed on a transition to independence. The movements had distinct social bases and competing political visions; the accord soon collapsed as foreign...

The Khmer Rouge captured the capital after years of civil war and U.S. bombing. Cambodian people faced forced evacuation and a radical regime; Soviet policy and support for other Cambodian factions...

The fall of Saigon ended the Republic of Vietnam and completed the reunification process under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Soviet material support mattered, but Vietnamese people and movements...

FRELIMO’s liberation struggle culminated in independence after Portugal’s 1974 revolution. The USSR recognized the new state and offered support, while Mozambicans faced the legacies of colonial...

The USSR and 34 other states signed commitments on European security, borders, cooperation, and human rights. Moscow emphasized recognition of postwar borders; dissidents later used the human-rights...

The Nobel Committee honored physicist and dissident Sakharov for advocacy of human rights and disarmament. Soviet authorities denied him permission to travel, illustrating the conflict between...

Portugal’s withdrawal left competing liberation movements fighting for control. The MPLA proclaimed the People’s Republic of Angola with Soviet and Cuban support, while the FNLA and UNITA contested...

The congress reaffirmed the Brezhnev leadership and the language of developed socialism. Its agenda presented the Union as an equal federation while decision-making remained concentrated in the...

Yury Orlov and fellow activists formed a public group to monitor Soviet compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Final Act. Their use of the state’s own international commitments challenged restrictions on...