Trotsky and Zinoviev expelled from the Communist Party

The British government terminated diplomatic relations after the ARCOS raid and a wider dispute over Soviet activity. The break disrupted trade and increased fears of military isolation in Moscow....

Chinese Communist forces launched an uprising in Nanchang after the collapse of the united front with the Kuomintang. The revolt marked a turn toward independent armed struggle, influenced by...

At an emergency conference, Chinese Communist leaders repudiated the previous alliance strategy and adopted a line emphasizing armed struggle and agrarian revolution. The shift reflected the party’s...

The Soviet Union and Persia signed a treaty of guarantee and neutrality as both governments sought to manage security in a region shaped by Russian and British imperial competition. Soviet diplomacy...

Supporters of Trotsky, Zinoviev and other opposition figures demonstrated during the tenth anniversary celebrations of the October Revolution. The party leadership treated the action as factional...

The Fifteenth Congress opened amid the defeat of the Left and United Opposition. Delegates debated agricultural procurement, industrialization and the future of NEP. The Congress became a turning...

The Congress concluded after expelling the opposition and adopting a course toward expanded collectivization and industrial development. It did not itself complete collectivization; implementation...

By the end of 1927, state grain procurement had fallen short as peasants withheld grain they considered underpriced. The crisis exposed a central tension of NEP: the state wanted cheap food and...

A Central Committee directive sent to local party organizations demanded intensified grain procurement as the shortfall in state purchases deepened. Authorities used criminal law, searches and...

Stalin traveled to Siberia and directed local officials to use emergency measures to obtain grain, including arrests and pressure on wealthier peasants. The campaign marked a sharp retreat from...