Preliminary peace signed at Riga

Red Army forces captured Omsk, a major center of Kolchak’s White government. Kolchak’s authority eroded amid military defeats, peasant resistance and the collapse of supply lines. The change of...

The League of Nations formally began operations. Soviet Russia was excluded from the postwar international order, while the new state denounced imperial arrangements and sought diplomatic recognition....

The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic fell as Soviet forces entered Baku and a Soviet republic was proclaimed. The new regime enacted social and land reforms, but the transition occurred under...

The Second Congress of the Communist International opened and debated the relationship between socialist revolution, national liberation and colonial movements. Lenin’s theses argued that communists...

Polish forces halted and pushed back the Red Army near Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War. The conflict involved competing claims over Ukraine and Belarus, revolutionary strategy and the borders left...

General Pyotr Wrangel’s remaining White forces evacuated Crimea after defeat by the Red Army. The evacuation ended the last major White military front in European Russia, but was followed by mass...

The Armenian Soviet government was proclaimed after Red Army entry and the fall of the independent Armenian republic, which had faced war, famine, displacement and territorial conflict. Soviet rule...

Strikes and demonstrations spread in Petrograd amid fuel and food shortages, with workers demanding supplies and political change. The government imposed martial law and the crisis escalated into...

The Red Army entered Tbilisi and a Georgian Soviet republic was proclaimed, ending the Menshevik-led Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soviet leaders described the change as revolutionary liberation;...

The Soviet-Persian Treaty of Friendship repudiated many privileges and concessions obtained by the Russian Empire in Persia and declared a new basis for relations. This anti-imperial gesture...