Armistice ends First World War in Western Europe

The Fifth All-Russian Congress adopted the constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It formally described a federation and placed power in soviets, while excluding “exploiting...

Nicholas II, his family and attendants were killed by Bolshevik authorities in Yekaterinburg as anti-Bolshevik forces approached. The killing ended the Romanov family’s immediate political claim but...

British-led Allied forces landed at Arkhangelsk, followed by intervention elsewhere in northern Russia. The operation aimed to reopen an Eastern Front and secure military supplies; it also supported...

After assassination attempts and attacks on Soviet officials, the government announced the Red Terror, authorizing mass arrests, executions and hostage-taking against designated political opponents....

Twenty-six Baku Commune leaders were executed near Krasnovodsk after the fall of the commune and their transfer into the custody of forces associated with the Transcaspian Government and British...

Following Germany’s defeat, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee annulled the Brest-Litovsk treaty. The withdrawal of German forces reopened the struggle over Ukraine, the Baltic region and...

Delegates from socialist and communist organizations met in Moscow to establish the Communist International (Comintern). It presented anti-imperialist revolution and international worker solidarity as...

The central Soviet government and Bashkir government signed an agreement on Soviet autonomy for Bashkiria. It followed Bashkir political organizing and negotiation during the collapse of the Russian...

Hungarian socialists and communists proclaimed a Soviet republic during the upheaval after the First World War. The short-lived government sought ties with Soviet Russia but faced military...

The Red Army entered Baku as the Azerbaijani Soviet government was established. The city’s oil and strategic position made it central to the region’s political economy. Soviet rule promised land and...