After assassination attempts and attacks on Soviet officials, the government announced the Red Terror, authorizing mass arrests, executions and hostage-taking against designated political opponents. The campaign institutionalized state violence. The White forces also used terror and pogroms; acknowledging that context does not erase the responsibility of Soviet authorities for their own repression.
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The Red Terror was formally announced by Soviet authorities in September 1918.
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Explanation
The campaign authorized mass arrests and executions against designated opponents.