Nicholas II abdicates as monarchy collapses

On International Women’s Day under the Gregorian calendar, women textile workers in Petrograd struck and marched for bread and an end to war. Their action widened into a mass movement joined by male...

Soldiers mutinied and joined workers as the uprising spread. Delegates formed the Petrograd Soviet while members of the Duma established a committee to manage state affairs. Competing centers of...

A Provisional Government was formed after the Tsar’s abdication. It promised political freedoms but continued Russia’s participation in the First World War and postponed land redistribution and a...

Vladimir Lenin returned to Petrograd after traveling from Switzerland through Germany and Scandinavia. His return sharpened debate within the Bolshevik Party over whether to support the Provisional...

Lenin presented theses opposing support for the Provisional Government and calling for an end to the war, land transfer, and power to the soviets. The proposal linked domestic revolution to...

The Provisional Government launched a major offensive on the Eastern Front, hoping to sustain the alliance with Britain and France and restore military discipline. The operation collapsed amid war...

Armed demonstrations by workers and soldiers in Petrograd demanded that the soviets take power. The Bolshevik leadership did not consider an insurrection ready, and the demonstrations were...