Macau returns to Chinese sovereignty

The amendment strengthened legal status for private and individual economies within the socialist market system. The state continued to guide and supervise private activity, embedding it within...

The law established a common framework for economic contracts and took effect in October. It supported a national market, although firms with capital and legal expertise were better placed to use it...

The Fourth Plenum called for modern corporate governance and stronger enterprise groups. Public ownership remained strategic, while managerial autonomy and restructuring expanded, sharpening...

The unified framework supported commercial transactions across ownership forms before WTO accession. Predictability expanded, but bargaining power and access to enforcement remained unequal.

The agreement resolved a major bilateral stage and included commitments on tariffs, agriculture, services and market access. China negotiated entry terms reflecting development priorities, while...

The government directed infrastructure and investment toward western provinces after decades of coastal-first growth. The initiative sought regional integration but could also displace communities and...

The pilot sought to simplify rural levies and reduce arbitrary fees. It recognized that fiscal pressure could be transferred to farming households and that local revenue rules shaped the cost of...

The fund created a reserve for social security as enterprise welfare weakened and pension systems changed. National pooling remained limited, leaving local fiscal capacity and employment history...

The law removed annual renewal of normal trade status and prepared implementation of WTO tariff commitments. It reflected market-access negotiations and U.S. debate over jobs, rights and strategic...

The proposal prioritized structural adjustment, technology, opening and western investment. Planning remained a way to coordinate markets and national goals, tying competitiveness to state-led...