Contract labor expanded for newly hired workers, while many incumbent employees retained permanent status. The dual arrangement allowed enterprises to test flexible hiring without confronting the whole urban employment system at once. Its costs fell disproportionately on younger workers and rural migrants who lacked full danwei benefits.
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What was a feature of labor contracting in the 1980s?
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Uitleg
Contract labor created a divided workforce with different levels of security.
Contract labor affected all urban workers equally from the start.
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Uitleg
New hires were more exposed to contracts while incumbent employees often retained stronger protections.