Eighteen households in Xiaogang, Anhui, signed a secret agreement to divide collective land use among families and link each household’s rewards to output after meeting state obligations. This local initiative responded to hunger and poverty and drew on peasant agency, not only central design. It became a symbol of rural reform, although later official accounts often center the state’s endorsement more than the villagers’ risk and initiative.
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Who initiated the Xiaogang agreement in November 1978?
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Local households signed the agreement in response to rural hardship.
The Xiaogang household farming agreement was first designed by foreign investors.
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Villagers initiated it locally in response to hardship and food insecurity.