Sirte Declaration calls for an African Union

The Pan Africanist Congress convened its third congress in Umtata during South Africa’s transition struggle. The meeting reflected the PAC’s attempt to renew its role amid negotiations, factional...

At Windhoek, leaders signed the declaration and treaty that transformed SADCC into the Southern African Development Community. The shift moved from coordination among majority-ruled states toward a...

More than two thousand participants gathered in Kampala for the Seventh Pan-African Congress, connecting activists and intellectuals from Africa and the diaspora. Its debates addressed new political...

Millions vote in South Africa’s first national election open to all races, ending formal apartheid rule. The achievement reflected mass resistance and international solidarity, while persistent...

OAU member states adopted a protocol to create a regional court for human-rights cases. It extended the institutional architecture built around the African Charter, while access to the court and...

African leaders sign the Constitutive Act in Lomé, creating the legal basis for the African Union. The Act renewed a Pan-African institutional project and expanded cooperation, while the tension...

The Constitutive Act entered into force after the required ratifications. This legal transition from OAU to AU strengthened continental ambitions around integration, peace and common institutions; the...

The UN conference brings governments and civil society together to address racism, colonialism, slavery and contemporary discrimination. Disputes over reparations and the Middle East revealed sharp...

The AU is launched in Durban, succeeding the OAU. It carries forward a Pan-African ambition for integration and collective action, but its effectiveness remains shaped by member-state politics,...

An AU extraordinary summit approved an amendment explicitly inviting and encouraging full participation by Africans in the diaspora in building the Union. It gave institutional form to a long-standing...