Indonesia and Portugal sign agreements for an East Timor consultation

Pakistan’s tests followed India’s and intensified regional rivalry. The episode showed how states that had criticized a discriminatory nuclear regime could also seek nuclear deterrence, sharpening...

The summit, held from 29 August to 3 September, was chaired by Nelson Mandela’s South Africa. Delegates called for renewed NAM relevance and discussed poverty, development, peace and the legacy of...

The UN session opened days after the 12th NAM summit in Durban. Developing states carried debates over debt, sanctions, Palestine and reform of global institutions into the Assembly, where formal...

Indonesian President B. J. Habibie announced that East Timor could choose between special autonomy within Indonesia and separation. The proposal followed 24 years of Indonesian occupation and East...

The bombing began without explicit Security Council authorization. It intensified debate about humanitarian intervention, the UN Charter and whether powerful states applied sovereignty rules...

The Council authorized international civil and security presences and an interim UN administration in Kosovo. The decision followed NATO’s unauthorized bombing campaign and preserved a contested...

Security Council Resolution 1246 established UNAMET to organize and conduct the ballot. The mission made self-determination operational through registration and voting, while violence and intimidation...

Nearly 98 percent of registered voters participated; 78.5 percent rejected special autonomy within Indonesia. The result expressed a clear popular demand for a transition toward independence after...

The Secretary-General announced that 78.5 percent had voted against autonomy and said the UN would support the East Timorese choice. Pro-integration militias then escalated violence and forced...

Resolution 1264 authorized a multinational force to restore peace and security after post-ballot violence. The intervention helped protect the transition, while also raising questions about the...