NATO begins air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

India’s tests challenged NAM’s historic emphasis on disarmament and the movement’s criticism of an unequal nuclear order. The episode demonstrates the tension between collective principles and a...

Pakistan’s tests followed India’s and intensified regional rivalry. The episode showed how states that had criticized a discriminatory nuclear regime could also seek nuclear deterrence, sharpening...

The summit, held from 29 August to 3 September, was chaired by Nelson Mandela’s South Africa. Delegates called for renewed NAM relevance and discussed poverty, development, peace and the legacy of...

The UN session opened days after the 12th NAM summit in Durban. Developing states carried debates over debt, sanctions, Palestine and reform of global institutions into the Assembly, where formal...

Indonesian President B. J. Habibie announced that East Timor could choose between special autonomy within Indonesia and separation. The proposal followed 24 years of Indonesian occupation and East...

The agreements assigned the UN a role in organizing a direct popular consultation on a proposed autonomy arrangement. They followed prolonged East Timorese resistance and international pressure, but...

The Council authorized international civil and security presences and an interim UN administration in Kosovo. The decision followed NATO’s unauthorized bombing campaign and preserved a contested...

Security Council Resolution 1246 established UNAMET to organize and conduct the ballot. The mission made self-determination operational through registration and voting, while violence and intimidation...

Nearly 98 percent of registered voters participated; 78.5 percent rejected special autonomy within Indonesia. The result expressed a clear popular demand for a transition toward independence after...

The Secretary-General announced that 78.5 percent had voted against autonomy and said the UN would support the East Timorese choice. Pro-integration militias then escalated violence and forced...