Security Council adopts Resolution 678 on Iraq and Kuwait

George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev discussed the changing relationship between their states. The summit signaled a turning point in superpower rivalry, but it did not resolve colonial legacies,...

The South African government announced the unbanning of the ANC, PAC and Communist Party and a path toward negotiations. Decades of resistance, regional solidarity and international pressure helped...

Mandela’s release followed a global liberation struggle and years of international pressure, including NAM campaigns and sanctions advocacy. His release opened negotiations, while structural...

Namibia became independent after UN-supervised elections and a long struggle led by SWAPO. Its independence fulfilled a core anti-colonial objective repeatedly advanced by NAM, the OAU and the...

Iraq’s invasion raised a sharp test for states that had long defended sovereignty and non-intervention. NAM members differed over how to respond, revealing the difficulty of applying principles...

The campaign followed Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait and Security Council authorization. NAM debates over the crisis highlighted the unequal influence of major powers over decisions about enforcement and...

The declarations accelerated the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding NAM member and one of the movement’s key diplomatic centers. The crisis weakened one of the original pillars of non-alignment and...

The dissolution ended the Soviet state and the Cold War’s two-superpower structure. NAM now faced a different challenge: preserving political agency and economic claims in a world where US power was...

The summit met after the end of the Cold War and called for the movement to participate actively in shaping the emerging international order. Leaders warned against leaving decisions to the largest...

The final documents addressed development, debt, Palestine and UN reform. They argued that the end of bloc rivalry had not ended unequal power and that developing countries needed a collective voice...