Berlin Wall crossings open

Resolution 629 set 1 April as the start date for implementing the Namibia settlement. The UN mission was designed to supervise elections and support independence after decades of South African rule.

UNTAG deployed to help ensure free and fair elections under UN supervision. The process followed a long liberation struggle and years of international campaigns against South Africa’s occupation of...

The summit met as communist governments in Eastern Europe faced growing challenges and the Cold War order was weakening. Leaders debated how NAM could retain an independent voice and advance...

The summit reaffirmed political independence and economic cooperation while addressing the changing international system. The debate marked a transition from a movement defined by bloc politics toward...

Voters chose representatives to prepare an independent constitution after decades of South African administration and a long armed and diplomatic liberation struggle. The election fulfilled a...

George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev discussed the changing relationship between their states. The summit signaled a turning point in superpower rivalry, but it did not resolve colonial legacies,...

The South African government announced the unbanning of the ANC, PAC and Communist Party and a path toward negotiations. Decades of resistance, regional solidarity and international pressure helped...

Mandela’s release followed a global liberation struggle and years of international pressure, including NAM campaigns and sanctions advocacy. His release opened negotiations, while structural...

Namibia became independent after UN-supervised elections and a long struggle led by SWAPO. Its independence fulfilled a core anti-colonial objective repeatedly advanced by NAM, the OAU and the...

Iraq’s invasion raised a sharp test for states that had long defended sovereignty and non-intervention. NAM members differed over how to respond, revealing the difficulty of applying principles...