Belgrade summit adopts its final documents

The conference concluded that NAM should play a constructive role in solving regional and global problems as détente altered superpower relations. The movement sought renewed relevance without...

Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed an agreement at the UN, setting out Cuban troop withdrawal and implementation of Namibia’s independence process. The settlement reflected African and Cuban...

Resolution 629 set 1 April as the start date for implementing the Namibia settlement. The UN mission was designed to supervise elections and support independence after decades of South African rule.

UNTAG deployed to help ensure free and fair elections under UN supervision. The process followed a long liberation struggle and years of international campaigns against South Africa’s occupation of...

The summit met as communist governments in Eastern Europe faced growing challenges and the Cold War order was weakening. Leaders debated how NAM could retain an independent voice and advance...

Voters chose representatives to prepare an independent constitution after decades of South African administration and a long armed and diplomatic liberation struggle. The election fulfilled a...

The opening of the Berlin Wall became a symbol of the rapid weakening of the Cold War order in Europe. For NAM, the change raised questions about whether a new international order would become more...

George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev discussed the changing relationship between their states. The summit signaled a turning point in superpower rivalry, but it did not resolve colonial legacies,...

The South African government announced the unbanning of the ANC, PAC and Communist Party and a path toward negotiations. Decades of resistance, regional solidarity and international pressure helped...

Mandela’s release followed a global liberation struggle and years of international pressure, including NAM campaigns and sanctions advocacy. His release opened negotiations, while structural...