Havana ministerial communiqué addresses Palestine and decolonization

The South Vietnamese government collapsed and the war ended with Vietnamese reunification under the revolutionary government. The outcome was widely read across the Global South as a defeat of a major...

Portugal’s withdrawal ended colonial rule, but rival liberation movements fought for power as external states intervened. The conflict exposed the gap between formal decolonization and the sovereignty...

The Colombo summit addressed disarmament, Palestine, southern African liberation and economic cooperation. It promoted collective self-reliance while the movement continued to debate how to remain...

The summit called for cooperation among developing countries and supported the New International Economic Order. Its program sought to convert the political solidarity of decolonization into...

Foreign ministers met to coordinate positions ahead of the 1979 summit, including on Palestine and liberation struggles. The meeting showed how NAM used regular diplomatic machinery to amplify...

The summit convened amid debate over Cuba’s close relationship with the Soviet Union and the meaning of non-alignment. It showed the movement’s breadth and its internal disagreements about whether...

The final declaration addressed colonialism, apartheid, Palestine, disarmament and economic reform. Disagreement over Cuba’s role exposed limits to unity, but the summit preserved a platform for...

The seizure followed the Iranian Revolution and the admission of the deposed Shah to the United States for medical care. The crisis became a major confrontation over sovereignty, revolution and...

The agreement ended the Lancaster House negotiations and established the terms for a ceasefire, elections and transition from white-minority rule in Rhodesia. Independence followed in 1980, although...

The Soviet intervention intensified a conflict already shaped by Afghan political upheaval and Cold War competition. At the UN, many states defended Afghanistan’s sovereignty and debated the...