Cairo meeting concludes with criteria for the first summit

Activists and representatives from across Africa and Asia met to build solidarity beyond formal governments. The gathering linked national liberation to popular movements, labor, culture and...

African political parties, trade unions and liberation movements assembled to coordinate the struggle against colonial rule and apartheid. Its people-centered pan-Africanism overlapped with, but was...

The session opened as newly independent states entered the United Nations in growing numbers. Their presence began to shift debate away from an international order dominated by colonial powers,...

Resolution 1514 (XV) declared that colonial subjection violated fundamental rights and called for an end to colonialism. Anti-colonial states helped make decolonization a central UN question, though...

Delegates debated who could participate and what non-alignment meant. The discussions exposed competing priorities: broad independence from both blocs, versus a sharper focus on anti-colonial struggle...

Twenty-five countries attended the first summit. Leaders sought an independent role in world affairs, opposed colonialism and racism, and pressed for disarmament and peaceful coexistence. The...

The summit declaration called for ending colonialism, reducing international tensions and preventing nuclear war. It asserted that newly independent states could shape world policy without becoming...

The United States confronted the Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba. The crisis placed newly independent states under intense pressure to choose sides and underscored why NAM members argued that...

War between India and China strained solidarity among states associated with Bandung. The conflict showed that non-alignment could not prevent interstate disputes and that national security priorities...

Thirty-two independent African states founded the Organization of African Unity. The charter linked sovereignty with continental unity and support for liberation, creating a major regional partner for...