The heads of state adopted the Samarkand Declaration, emphasizing sovereign equality, dialogue, connectivity, and wider cooperation. Its language presents the SCO as a multipolar institution; analysis should distinguish this diplomatic claim from an equitable distribution of power among members.
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SCO secretary-general attends Moscow forum on collective security
📅 12 November 2026
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Iran became a full SCO member at the 2022 Samarkand summit.
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Explanation
Iran signed its memorandum of obligations at Samarkand and became a full member in 2023.