Iran’s fundamental law subjects foreign concessions to parliamentary approval

Iran and Russia concluded the Akhal-Khorasan boundary convention after Russian advances among the Turkmen. It helped delimit their northeastern frontier and curtailed Iranian territorial claims, while...

Merchants took sanctuary at Shah Abd al-Azim to protest customs administration. Their grievances formed part of resistance to fiscal arrangements favouring foreign interests, including Russian...

Merchants and clerics began taking sanctuary in the British legation in Tehran; the protest grew into demands for a national assembly. Seeking foreign refuge exposed both Iranian organizing power...

After continuing protest, a revised royal decree granted a national consultative assembly. Iranians pushed beyond a vague concession toward representative government, creating an institution later...

Iran’s First Majlis opened in Tehran. Its establishment gave constitutionalists an institution through which to challenge arbitrary government and foreign financial pressure; parliament began work...

Britain and Russia signed a convention dividing their pursuit of concessions in Iran into Russian and British zones with an intermediate area. Iran was not a signatory; assurances of independence...

Iran’s supplementary constitutional laws stated that state powers derived from the people and regulated public rights and government authority. The framework strengthened the constitutional claim...

Forces of the Persian Cossack Brigade under Russian officers bombarded the Majlis during Mohammad Ali Shah’s coup against constitutional government. The attack linked Russian military influence to the...

Britain and Russia asked Mohammad Ali Shah to restore the Majlis after the June coup. Their pressure sought financial order and protection of their own agreement, illustrating that support for...

Mohammad Khiabani proposed a security bureau and treasury committee for Tabriz’s provincial council. The initiative sought to organize and finance constitutional resistance after the coup supported by...