Tehran protesters take sanctuary in the British legation

Iran and Britain concluded a definitive treaty offering British troops or a subsidy if a European power attacked Iran. It also constrained Iran’s alliances. The agreement sought protection after...

The Treaty of Turkmenchay ended the 1826–1828 war. Iran ceded the Erivan and Nakhchivan khanates, accepted an indemnity and confirmed Russia’s exclusive Caspian warship rights, consolidating Russian...

A crowd attacked the Russian mission in Tehran, killing ambassador Alexander Griboedov and other staff. The crisis followed the unequal Turkmenchay settlement; conflicting Iranian and Russian accounts...

Iran and Russia concluded the Akhal-Khorasan boundary convention after Russian advances among the Turkmen. It helped delimit their northeastern frontier and curtailed Iranian territorial claims, while...

Merchants took sanctuary at Shah Abd al-Azim to protest customs administration. Their grievances formed part of resistance to fiscal arrangements favouring foreign interests, including Russian...

After continuing protest, a revised royal decree granted a national consultative assembly. Iranians pushed beyond a vague concession toward representative government, creating an institution later...

Iran’s First Majlis opened in Tehran. Its establishment gave constitutionalists an institution through which to challenge arbitrary government and foreign financial pressure; parliament began work...

Mozaffar al-Din Shah signed Iran’s fundamental law. Its provisions required Majlis approval for loans and concessions, making control of resources and external commitments a constitutional issue in...

Britain and Russia signed a convention dividing their pursuit of concessions in Iran into Russian and British zones with an intermediate area. Iran was not a signatory; assurances of independence...

Iran’s supplementary constitutional laws stated that state powers derived from the people and regulated public rights and government authority. The framework strengthened the constitutional claim...